Weather Models
Model viewer links and a full reference catalog of mesoscale, global deterministic, ensemble, and seasonal forecast models from NOAA, ECMWF, UK Met, DWD, JMA, KMA, BoM, and others.
Quick access
Model Viewers
These sites aggregate output from multiple centers and offer fast side-by-side comparisons for operational analysis.
NCEP Modeling
Official NOAA/NCEP model output portal
GFS, NAM, HRRR, RAP, GEFS, CFS, SREFs — direct from the source.
- GFS — Global Forecast System
- NAM — North American Mesoscale
- HRRR — High-Resolution Rapid Refresh
- RAP — Rapid Refresh
- GEFS — Global Ensemble (31 members)
- CFSv2 — Climate Forecast System
- SREFs — Short-Range Ensembles
weathermodels.com
Multi-model comparison viewer
Side-by-side GFS, ECMWF, Euro ensemble, and more with clean cartography.
- GFS & GFS Ensemble
- ECMWF HRES & ENS
- NAM & NAM-NEST
- HRRR
- Canadian GEM
- UK Met UM
- ICON Global
Pivotal Weather
Professional forecast model viewer
GFS, NAM, HRRR, Euro, ensembles — fast rendering with SPC composite overlays.
- GFS & GEFS
- ECMWF HRES & ENS
- NAM & NAM-NEST
- HRRR & RAP
- SREF
- SPC composite parameters overlay
- UKMET, ICON, GEM
Tropical Tidbits
Global model viewer with tropical focus
Strong ensemble coverage; excellent for tropical cyclone track model comparison.
- GFS & GEFS (spaghetti tracks)
- ECMWF HRES & ENS
- HWRF & HAFS (hurricane models)
- NAM & HRRR
- Canadian GEM
- ICON, UKMET, JMA GSM
- CMC ensemble track plots
Windy Marine
Interactive wave and wind marine viewer
ECMWF and GFS wave height, swell direction, and wind overlays with hourly animation.
- ECMWF WAM — wave height & period
- GFS-Wave — WAVEWATCH III coupled
- Wind & gust overlays (ECMWF, GFS)
- Swell direction & peak period
- Currents overlay (Copernicus)
- Hourly animation to +10 days
Wavecast
Spectral wave forecast viewer
WW3 and ECMWF WAM output visualized with swell period, direction, and sea state breakdowns.
- WAVEWATCH III (NOAA WW3)
- ECMWF WAM — global spectral wave
- Significant wave height
- Peak swell period & direction
- Wind sea vs. swell partitioning
- Sea state & combined height
NHC Model Summary
Official tropical model guidance hub
NHC's authoritative reference for all track and intensity models used in official advisories — includes verification stats, model descriptions, and links to real-time guidance.
- HAFS-A & HAFS-B — primary operational hurricane models
- HMON — supplemental hurricane model
- SHIPS & LGEM — statistical intensity guidance
- SHIPS-RII — rapid intensification probability
- TVCN / IVCN — NHC track & intensity consensus
- AVNO (GFS), EMX (ECMWF), UKX, CMC track guidance
Tropical Tidbits — Storm Pages
Ensemble track and intensity viewer
Per-storm pages aggregating GFS, ECMWF, HWRF, HAFS, and ensemble spaghetti track plots alongside NHC official forecasts for every active and invest in the Atlantic and East Pacific.
- GFS & GEFS spaghetti track plots
- ECMWF HRES & ENS track guidance
- HAFS & HMON storm tracks
- NAM & HRRR (inner-core diagnostics)
- Ensemble mean and spread envelopes
- CMC GEM, ICON, UKMET track guidance
Reference
Model Catalog
Operational forecast models organized by scale. Forecast range and update frequency reflect standard operational configurations as of 2025–2026.
HRRR is NOAA's flagship convection-allowing model, assimilating radar reflectivity every 15 minutes for the most up-to-date short-range detail. NAM-NEST extends that convection-allowing coverage to 84 hours, while RAP provides hourly updates as a hybrid parent for aviation and mesoanalysis use. RRFSv1 is NOAA's next-generation FV3-based replacement for all three — currently experimental, targeting a unified convection-allowing architecture by the late 2020s.
Mesoscale & High-Resolution
Fine-scale convection-allowing models with short forecast windows. Best for day 0–3 details at the local level.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-Resolution Rapid RefreshHRRR | NOAA/ESRL | 3 km | 18 hrs (48 hrs at 00Z/12Z) | Every hour | Operational | Convection-allowing; assimilates radar reflectivity every 15 min. |
| Rapid RefreshRAP | NOAA/NCEP | 13 km | 21 hrs | Every hour | Operational | Hybrid HRRR parent; excellent aviation/mesoanalysis use. |
| North American MesoscaleNAM | NOAA/NCEP | 12 km CONUS / 3 km nest | 84 hrs | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | NAM-NEST provides convection-allowing detail over CONUS/Alaska. |
| ICON-D2ICON-D2 | DWD | 2.2 km | 48 hrs | 8× daily | Operational | European mesoscale; convection-allowing over Central Europe. |
| AROMEAROME | Météo-France | 1.3 km | 48 hrs | 8× daily | Operational | High-resolution operational model for France and surroundings. |
| High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction SystemHRDPS | Environment Canada | 2.5 km | 48 hrs | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | Convection-allowing mesoscale model covering Canada and portions of the northern U.S. Excellent for orographic precipitation and lake-effect snow detail. |
| Regional Deterministic Prediction SystemRDPS | Environment Canada | 10 km | 84 hrs | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | CMC's primary regional model covering North America. Serves as the mesoscale companion to GEM-Global and feeds into GEPS. |
| Rapid Refresh Forecast System v1RRFSv1 | NOAA/NCEP | ~3 km | 60 hrs | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Research | NOAA's next-generation convection-allowing model intended to unify and eventually replace the HRRR, NAM, and RAP under a single FV3-based architecture. Hourly data assimilation including radar; currently in experimental pre-operational status. |
WAVEWATCH III is NOAA's primary operational wave model, with regional nests covering U.S. coastal zones and the Great Lakes down to ~4 km. ECMWF WAM is fully coupled to the IFS atmospheric model and generally leads on open-ocean significant wave height skill at medium range. For probabilistic wave guidance beyond day 3, GEFS-Wave (31 members) provides spread envelopes; OPC analyses add synoptic marine warnings and sea-state products for the North Atlantic and Pacific.
Marine & Wave
Spectral ocean wave and coupled marine forecast models. Provide significant wave height, peak period, and swell direction for coastal, Great Lakes, and open-ocean forecasting.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAVEWATCH IIIWW3 | NOAA/NCEP | ~16 km (global) / ~4 km (regional) | 7 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | NOAA's primary operational wave model; global and regional nests cover U.S. coastal zones, Great Lakes, and the western North Atlantic. |
| Regional Deterministic Wave Prediction SystemRDWPS | Environment Canada | 2.5 km | 84 hrs | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | Spectral wave model covering the Great Lakes and coastal Atlantic/Pacific marine zones. Provides significant wave height, peak period, and direction at 2.5 km grid spacing — primary source for CMC marine and Great Lakes wave guidance. |
| Global Deterministic Wave Prediction SystemGDWPS | Environment Canada | ~25 km | 7 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | CMC's global spectral wave model providing open-ocean wave height, period, and direction on a 0.25° grid. Feeds into RDWPS boundary conditions and supports offshore marine forecasting. |
| ECMWF WAMWAM | ECMWF | ~14 km | 10 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | Third-generation spectral wave model coupled to the IFS atmospheric model; drives ECMWF's marine bulletins and extreme wave products. |
| GFS WaveGFS-Wave | NOAA/NCEP | ~16 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | Wave component of the GFS model suite using WAVEWATCH III physics; fully coupled to the atmospheric GFS for two-way air–sea feedback. |
| NWW3 EnsembleGEFS-Wave | NOAA/NCEP | ~25 km / 31 members | 16 days | 4× daily | Operational | Wave ensemble driven by GEFS atmospheric members; underpins probabilistic significant wave height and swell guidance beyond day 3. |
| Ocean Prediction Center AnalysesOPC | NOAA/OPC | Synoptic | 5 days | 4× daily | Operational | Graphical marine forecast analyses and warnings for North Atlantic and North Pacific including gale, storm, and hurricane force wind warnings plus sea state products. |
HAFS-A and HAFS-B are NOAA's current operational hurricane models, replacing HWRF in 2023. TVCN (track consensus) and IVCN (intensity consensus) are the blend products NHC forecasters rely on most — consistently outperforming any single model in annual NHC verification.
EMX (ECMWF) has ranked as the top-performing individual track model in multiple recent NHC annual verification reports, with the lowest mean track errors at days 3–5 across the Atlantic basin. It serves as an essential cross-check against the TVCN consensus and is frequently referenced in NHC forecast discussions when the ECMWF diverges from the GFS.
SHIPS-RII defines rapid intensification as a wind speed increase of ≥35 kt in 24 hours — roughly one Saffir-Simpson category. The guidance outputs a probability (0–100%) for each forecast cycle; NHC forecasters treat values above ~40–50% as an elevated RI signal. Statistical guidance from SHIPS and SHIPS-RII remains the primary tool for RI probability assessment alongside dynamical model intensity spreads.
Tropical & Hurricane
Dedicated tropical cyclone track and intensity forecast models, statistical guidance schemes, and consensus products used by NHC forecasters across the Atlantic and East Pacific basins.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System — AHAFS-A | NOAA/NCEP | ~3 km (innermost nest) | 5 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | NOAA's primary operational hurricane model; replaced HWRF in 2023. Two-way coupled to HYCOM ocean model with triple-nested moving domains that follow the storm. |
| Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System — BHAFS-B | NOAA/NCEP | ~3 km (innermost nest) | 5 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | Second HAFS configuration with alternate initialization and physics suite; run alongside HAFS-A for ensemble-like spread and consensus blending at NHC. |
| Hurricanes in a Multi-scale Ocean-coupled Non-hydrostatic modelHMON | NOAA/NCEP | ~3 km (innermost nest) | 5 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | NOAA supplemental hurricane model coupled to HYCOM; provides additional track and intensity guidance for NHC consensus blends alongside HAFS. |
| Hurricane Weather Research and ForecastHWRF | NOAA/NCEP | ~3 km (innermost nest) | 5 days | 4× daily | Research | Legacy operational hurricane model formally retired from primary operations in 2023 and replaced by HAFS. Still referenced in forecast discussions and historical verification archives. |
| Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction SchemeSHIPS | NOAA/CSU | Statistical / point forecast | 5 days | 4× daily | Operational | Widely used statistical-dynamical intensity model blending large-scale environmental predictors — vertical shear, SST, mid-level humidity, and divergence — with climatological regression. Backbone of NHC intensity consensus products. |
| SHIPS Rapid Intensification IndexSHIPS-RII | NOAA/CSU | Statistical / probabilistic | 24–48 hrs | 4× daily | Operational | Probabilistic rapid intensification guidance derived from SHIPS predictors; provides the likelihood of RI (≥35 kt in 24 hrs) at each forecast cycle. Critical input to NHC intensity discussions. |
| Logistic Growth Equation ModelLGEM | NOAA/NHC | Statistical / point forecast | 5 days | 4× daily | Operational | Statistical intensity model using a logistic growth equation to model tropical cyclone lifecycle. Uses the same large-scale predictors as SHIPS; contributes to the NHC intensity consensus. |
| NHC Track ConsensusTVCN | NOAA/NHC | Consensus blend | 5 days | 4× daily | Operational | Simple consensus of GFS, ECMWF, UKMET, GEM, HAFS, and other track models. Consistently among the top-performing guidance products in NHC annual verification reports. |
| NHC Intensity ConsensusIVCN | NOAA/NHC | Consensus blend | 5 days | 4× daily | Operational | Consensus of SHIPS, LGEM, HAFS-A, HAFS-B, HMON, and dynamical model intensity guidance. Used alongside SHIPS-RII to inform NHC official intensity forecasts. |
| GFS Tropical TrackerAVNO | NOAA/NCEP | ~13 km | 7 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | GFS output processed through the NHC tropical cyclone vortex tracker. AVNO is the standard NHC designation for GFS tropical track guidance in forecast discussions and verification. |
| GEFS Tropical EnsembleAEMN | NOAA/NCEP | ~25 km / 31 members | 16 days | 4× daily | Operational | GEFS ensemble mean and member tracks for extended-range tropical probability cones. The 31-member spread underpins probabilistic NHC outlooks and long-range genesis discussions beyond day 5. |
| ECMWF Tropical TrackEMX | ECMWF | ~9 km | 10 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | ECMWF IFS deterministic output tracked by the NHC tropical cyclone tracker. Frequently the top-ranked individual model in NHC annual verification archives for track error. |
| ECMWF Ensemble Tropical TracksEMXI | ECMWF | ~18 km / 51 members | 15 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | 51-member ENS spaghetti track plots provide probabilistic track uncertainty envelopes; widely used for extended-range tropical cyclone landfall probability assessments beyond day 5. |
| UKMET Tropical TrackUKX | UK Met Office | ~10 km | 7 days | 4× daily | Operational | UK Met Office Unified Model output tracked for tropical cyclone guidance; labeled UKX in NHC model summary tables. Consistently competitive on Atlantic and East Pacific track forecasts. |
| Canadian GEM Tropical TrackCMC | Environment Canada | ~25 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | GEM global model output tracked by the NHC; labeled CMC in forecast discussions and model summary tables. Contributes to the TVCN consensus. |
| Typhoon Intensity Prediction SchemeTIPS | NRL / JTWC | Statistical / point forecast | 5 days | 4× daily | Research | Statistical intensity model developed by the Naval Research Laboratory for western North Pacific typhoon guidance; uses the same predictor framework as SHIPS. |
ECMWF HRES has consistently ranked as the world's most accurate deterministic global model over the past decade, with particular strength on 4–7 day 500 hPa height anomaly forecasts. GFS is the U.S. primary and the most accessible — full-resolution output is freely available with no subscription. ICON (DWD) and UM (UK Met) are regularly competitive in mid-latitude verification; GEM (ECCC) is the Canadian primary and a key contributor to NHC tropical track consensus products.
Global Deterministic
Single-solution global models producing one best-guess forecast. Backbone of operational weather prediction worldwide.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Forecast SystemGFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~13 km | 16 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | U.S. primary global model; publicly available at full resolution. |
| IFS High-ResolutionECMWF HRES | ECMWF | ~9 km | 10 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | Consistently among the world's most accurate deterministic models. |
| Unified ModelUM | UK Met Office | ~10 km | 7 days | 4× daily | Operational | Strong performance in mid-latitudes; forms basis for MOGREPS ensemble. |
| ICON GlobalICON | DWD (Germany) | ~13 km | 7.5 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | Icosahedral nonhydrostatic model; good ensemble-scale accuracy. |
| ARPEGEARPEGE | Météo-France | ~7.5 km (variable) | 4 days | 4× daily | Operational | Variable-resolution; finer over Europe, coarser at antipode. |
| GSMJMA GSM | JMA (Japan) | ~20 km | 11 days | 4× daily | Operational | Japan Meteorological Agency global spectral model. |
| UM (KMA)KMA UM | KMA (South Korea) | ~17 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | Korean Meteorological Administration; adapted from UK Met UM. |
| ACCESS-GACCESS-G | BoM (Australia) | ~25 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | Australian Bureau of Meteorology; strong Southern Hemisphere performance. |
| GEMGEM | Environment Canada | ~25 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | Canadian operational global model; regional version at 2.5 km. |
| GRAPES-GFSCMA GFS | CMA (China) | ~25 km | 10 days | 4× daily | Operational | China Meteorological Administration global model. |
ECMWF ENS (51 members, 15 days) is the gold-standard medium-range ensemble — EFI and Shift of Tails products extend meaningful probabilistic guidance to the full 15-day window. GEFS (31 members, 16 days) is NOAA's operational equivalent and the free-access backbone of all U.S. probabilistic outlooks beyond day 3. For extended range, ECMWF EPS runs to 46 days and GEPS (ECCC, 21 members) to 16 days — both widely used for week 2–3 anomaly pattern assessment.
Global Ensembles
Multiple perturbed model runs quantifying forecast uncertainty. Essential for probabilistic outlooks beyond day 5.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Ensemble Forecast SystemGEFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~25 km / 31 members | 16 days | 4× daily | Operational | U.S. global ensemble; underpins all NOAA probabilistic guidance. |
| ENS (Medium-Range)ECMWF ENS | ECMWF | ~18 km / 51 members | 15 days | 2× daily (00Z/12Z) | Operational | Gold-standard medium-range ensemble; EFI/SOT products at 15 days. |
| Extended-Range EPSECMWF EPS | ECMWF | ~36 km / 51 members | 46 days | 2× daily | Operational | Sub-seasonal guidance to 6 weeks; weekly plumes widely used. |
| MOGREPS-GMOGREPS-G | UK Met Office | ~33 km / 18 members | 7 days | 4× daily | Operational | Global Met Office ensemble; feeds into IMPROVER blended products. |
| ICON-EPSICON-EPS | DWD | ~40 km / 40 members | 7.5 days | 4× daily | Operational | European ensemble; good Atlantic storm-track spread. |
| EPSJMA EPS | JMA | ~40 km / 51 members | 11 days | 2× daily | Operational | Japan ensemble system; strong western Pacific performance. |
| GEPSGEPS | Environment Canada | ~39 km / 21 members | 16 days | 4× daily | Operational | Canadian global ensemble prediction system. |
| Regional Ensemble Prediction SystemREPS | Environment Canada | ~10 km / 20 members | 3 days | 4× daily (00/06/12/18Z) | Operational | CMC's short-range regional ensemble; 20 members at convection-permitting scale over North America. Feeds probabilistic QPF and severe weather guidance into WPC and SPC equivalent Canadian products. |
| Short-Range Ensemble ForecastsSREFs | NOAA/NCEP | ~16 km / 21 members | 87 hrs | 2× daily (03Z/15Z) | Operational | SPC and WPC rely on SREFs for convective and QPF probabilistic products. |
AIFS is ECMWF's operational AI model — running to 15 days at ~28 km in minutes rather than hours, it matches HRES on many standard benchmark metrics and is the first AI system fully integrated into an operational NWP center. AIFS-ENS extends this to a 50-member ensemble at a fraction of the compute cost of the conventional ENS.
GraphCast (Google DeepMind) and Pangu-Weather (Huawei) were among the first neural models to outperform HRES on majority test metrics, establishing the research benchmark the field has since built on. GenCast and SEEDS represent the diffusion-based probabilistic wave — generating ensemble-quality spread at near-zero marginal cost per additional member.
NOAA's AIGFS, AIGEFS, and AIEFS are the agency's in-development AI successors to GFS, GEFS, and sub-seasonal guidance respectively — all currently experimental with no confirmed operational transition date.
AI & Machine Learning
Neural network and deep learning forecast models trained on reanalysis data. Rapidly maturing category with several systems matching or exceeding traditional NWP accuracy at medium range.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIFS (Operational)AIFS | ECMWF | ~28 km | 15 days | 2× daily | Operational | ECMWF's operational AI model; matches HRES on many metrics and runs in minutes. |
| AIFS EnsembleAIFS-ENS | ECMWF | ~28 km / 50 members | 15 days | 2× daily | Operational | AI-based ensemble counterpart to AIFS; 50 members generated via stochastic perturbations, matching ECMWF ENS spread-skill on most metrics at a fraction of the compute cost. |
| GraphCastGraphCast | Google DeepMind | ~28 km | 10 days | Experimental | Research | Graph Neural Network trained on ERA5; outperformed HRES on 90% of test metrics. |
| Pangu-WeatherPangu | Huawei Noah's Ark Lab | ~28 km | 7 days | Research | Research | Transformer-based model; competitive medium-range accuracy with very fast inference. |
| FourCastNet v2FCNv2 | NVIDIA/ECMWF | ~28 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Spherical Fourier Neural Operator; among the first neural models to rival operational NWP. |
| GenCastGenCast | Google DeepMind | ~28 km / 50 members | 15 days | Research | Research | Probabilistic diffusion-based ensemble; outperforms ECMWF ENS on a majority of metrics. |
| AuroraAurora | Microsoft Research | ~28 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Foundation model pretrained on diverse atmospheric datasets; strong generalization. |
| NeuralGCMNeuralGCM | Google Research | ~140 km | 15 days | Research | Research | Hybrid ML+physics model coupling a neural network with a differentiable dynamical core. |
| StormerStormer | MIT / Princeton | ~28 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Transformer architecture trained directly on ERA5; strong on medium-range temperature fields. |
| SEEDSSEEDS | Google Research | ~28 km / ensemble | 15 days | Research | Research | Diffusion-based ensemble emulator conditioned on deterministic model output. |
| Prithvi WxCPrithvi WxC | IBM / NASA | ~111 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Foundation model for weather and climate built on NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis data. |
| AI Global Forecast SystemAIGFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~13 km | 16 days | Experimental | Research | NOAA's AI-driven replacement for GFS, trained on ERA5 and GFS reanalysis; targets parity with IFS on standard benchmarks. |
| AI Global Ensemble Forecast SystemAIGEFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~25 km / 30+ members | 16 days | Experimental | Research | AI-driven ensemble successor to GEFS; uses diffusion-based perturbation methods for probabilistic spread calibration. |
| AI Extended Forecast SystemAIEFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~50 km / 30 members | 35 days | Experimental | Research | Sub-seasonal AI ensemble bridging GEFS and CFSv2; aimed at improving week 3–5 temperature and precipitation skill. |
| ClimaXClimaX | Microsoft Research | ~111 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Foundation model pretrained across heterogeneous climate datasets; designed for fine-tuning on downstream forecast tasks. |
| Excarta (Wx-LLM)Excarta | Excarta | ~28 km | 10 days | Research | Research | Large-language-model-inspired architecture for weather; integrates textual and gridded inputs for probabilistic guidance. |
CFSv2 is NOAA's current operational seasonal backbone, underpinning all CPC seasonal outlooks since 2011. SFSv1 is its experimental successor under active development — improved ocean–atmosphere coupling and land surface physics, but not yet in operations.
Sub-seasonal & Seasonal
Longer-range probabilistic models used for climate outlooks, seasonal temperature/precipitation anomaly forecasts, and hurricane season predictions.
| Model | Center | Resolution | Forecast Range | Updates | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Forecast System v2CFSv2 | NOAA/NCEP | ~100 km / 40+ members | 9 months | 4× daily (continuous cycling) | Operational | Basis for CPC seasonal outlooks; 6-10 day through seasonal guidance. |
| SEAS5SEAS5 | ECMWF | ~36 km / 51 members | 7 months | Monthly (1st of month) | Operational | ECMWF seasonal system; widely regarded best seasonal forecast skill. |
| S2S DatabaseECMWF S2S | ECMWF | ~18 km / 51 members | 47 days | 2× weekly | Operational | Sub-seasonal to seasonal; bridges medium-range and seasonal forecasting. |
| GloSea6GloSea6 | UK Met Office | ~60 km / 42–60 members | 7 months | Weekly lagged ensemble | Operational | UK seasonal system; good NAO and stratosphere coupling skill. |
| CPS3JMA CPS3 | JMA | ~100 km / 10–51 members | 7 months | Monthly | Operational | Japan Climate Prediction System, version 3. |
| ACCESS-S2ACCESS-S2 | BoM | ~250 km / 33 members | 9 months | Monthly | Operational | Australian seasonal system; strong ENSO-driven anomaly forecasting. |
| Subseasonal Forecast SystemSFS | NOAA/NCEP | ~100 km / 80 members | 35 days | Daily (00Z) | Operational | NOAA's dedicated sub-seasonal system replacing the extended GEFS; targets week 3–4 temperature and precipitation skill. Underpins CPC week 3–4 outlooks. |
| North American Multi-Model EnsembleNMME | NOAA + partners | ~100 km / 100+ members | 12 months | Monthly (1st of month) | Operational | Pools CFSv2, GFDL-SPEAR, NCAR CESM, NASA GEOS-S2S, and others into a combined probabilistic seasonal outlook. Underpins NOAA's official seasonal temperature and precipitation forecasts. |
| Canadian Seasonal to Inter-Annual Prediction SystemCanSIPS | Environment Canada | ~100 km / 20 members | 12 months | Monthly (1st of month) | Operational | Combines CanCM4i and GEM-NEMO seasonal models; contributes to WMO lead centre seasonal outlooks and the NMME archive. |
| Seasonal Forecast SystemSFSv1 | NOAA/NCEP | ~50 km / 40+ members | 12 months | Experimental | Research | Next-generation NOAA seasonal system under active development; intended to eventually replace CFSv2. Incorporates improved ocean–atmosphere coupling and updated land surface parameterizations. |
Model specifications reflect standard operational configurations as documented by each center. Actual availability may vary. Resolution figures are approximate for the primary domain. Specifications last reviewed January 2026.
Links re-audited July 2026 — ECMWF deep links updated (HRES/ENS → 10-day-forecast, EPS → long-range, SEAS5 → seasonal-forecasts, WAM → ocean-wave-forecasts)